
<b>Leiomyosarcoma of urinary bladder following cyclophosphamide therapy</b>

... We report two cases of [LMS of the urinary bladder] following cyclophosphamide therapy. 

The first case is from a 53-year-old man ,,,treated for 6 years with cyclophosphamide. He presented with painless hematuria, ,,, A final diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma was made on radical cystoprostatectomy. 

The second example is from a 21-year-old man who had received cyclophosphamide in early infancy for a bilateral retinoblastoma. He also presented with painless hematuria, and a bladder tumor was resected .. Cyclophosphamide, when used for a neoplastic or non-neoplastic condition, is associated with an increased risk of developing bladder cancer. ... A review of the literature shows an increased proportion of squamous cell carcinomas and sarcomas, especially leiomyosarcomas in cyclophosphamide exposed patients. Acrolein, a cytotoxic metabolite of cyclophosphamide excreted in urine, is regarded as the most likely causative agent.
&&url PMID: 12748258 

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<b>Testicular LMS after Androgenic Steroid Abuse</b>

 <b>Intratesticular leiomyosarcoma in a young man after high dose doping with Oral-Turinabol: a case report.</b>

..Androgenic anabolic steroids have been suspected of activity as carcinogens ... Although the proliferation of smooth muscle cells is stimulated by sexual steroids, to the authors' knowledge a possible relation between androgenic anabolic steroids and the development of leiomyosarcoma has not previously been reported in humans. 

A 32-year-old man underwent right radical orchiectomy for a tumor ... of the right testicle.... The tumor was identified as an intratesticular leiomyosarcoma...  The patient reported a 5-year history of systematic use of high dose Oral-Turinabol (4-chloro-1-dehydro-17alpha-methylteststerone) that began at age 18 years and stopped approximately 9 years before presentation. 

.. The rarity of intratesticular leiomyosarcoma, the experimental induction of similar tumors in animals by androgens and estrogens, and the unusually young age at presentation of the patient in the current study support the hypothesis that high dose doping with androgenic anabolic steroids could have played a cocarcinogenic role ...
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<b>Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes.</b>

Androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone. They can exert strong effects on the human body that may be beneficial for athletic performance. A review of the literature revealed that most laboratory studies did not investigate the actual doses of AAS currently abused in the field. Therefore, those studies may not reflect the actual (adverse) effects of steroids. ...

The main untoward effects of short- and long-term AAS abuse that male athletes most often self-report are an increase in sexual drive, the occurrence of acne vulgaris, increased body hair and increment of aggressive behaviour. AAS administration will disturb the regular endogenous production of testosterone and gonadotrophins that may persist for months after drug withdrawal. Cardiovascular risk factors may undergo deleterious alterations, including elevation of blood pressure and depression of serum high-density lipoprotein ... Psyche and behaviour seem to be strongly affected by AAS. Generally, AAS seem to induce increments of aggression and hostility. Mood disturbances (e.g. depression, [hypo-]mania, psychotic features) are likely to be dose and drug dependent. ...Many other adverse effects have been associated with AAS misuse, including disturbance of endocrine and immune function, alterations of sebaceous system and skin, changes of haemostatic system and urogenital tract. ..
&&url PMID: 15248788
